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noted in the introduction above, the Independence Hall Association has developed
detailed accounts of the British invasion of Pennsylvania in the Fall of
1777, including the landing of the British Army at the mouth of the Elk
River in Maryland, the British march into southern Chester County, the Battle
of Brandywine, the Battle of the Clouds, and the Paoli Massacre in its Virtual
Marching Tour of the American Revolution: The Philadelphia Campaign of 1777.
The historian will find fourteen additional pages of information at this
very useful web link.
On 31 July 1777 General Washington learned that Admiral Howe's armada of warships, troop transports, and supply ships was at the mouth of the Delaware Bay. Washington immediately ordered his troops to cross the Delaware and march towards Philadelphia. For the first nine days of August the Continental Army encamped near Germantown, about six miles out of Philadelphia, while Washington awaited additional intelligence. In 1895 the Pennsylvania Society of Sons of the Revolution placed a stone marker at the Germantown encampment site, which is now at the intersection of Queen Lane and Fox Street in the East Falls section of Philadelphia.
Moland
House After more than a week at the Germantown encampment Washington changed his mind and ordered his troops to march back north, towards Trenton and northern New Jersey. Within a day the Continental Army was in Neshaminy, Bucks County, ready to cross the Delaware. It was then, however, that Washington learned that the British fleet had been sited off the coast of Maryland, headed south. Washington stopped, again uncertain of Howe's destination. The Moland House served as General Washington's headquarters during the Continental Army's Neshaminy encampment, 10 to 23 August 1777, as he waited to learn more of Admiral Howe's intentions. It was here that the 19-year-old Marquis de Lafayette joined the Continental Army. The Moland House, a mid-18th century stone farmhouse, was built by John Moland, a prominent attorney in both Philadelphia and Bucks counties and a Justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania. In 1996, the Township of Warwick purchased the Moland House and surrounding acreage to save the site from development. The Township of Warwick will continue to own the site and the Warwick Township Historical Society will maintain the House and its grounds. The Moland House is listed on the National Register of Historical Places. Paul Stavrides maintains the Moland House web site for the Friends of Moland House Park and the Warwick Township Historical Society. In 1997 the Pennsylvania Society of Sons of the Revolution provided financial support for the ongoing restoration of Moland House.
Brandywine
Battlefield Park Admiral Howe turned his fleet up the Chesapeake Bay and on 25 August 1777, landed his brother's army at Elk's Head, Maryland. General Howe invaded Pennsylvania from Delaware, marching north through Chester County towards Philadelphia. On 11 September 1777 Washington's Continental Army met Howe's forces at Chadds Ford on the Brandywine Creek. As he did at the Battle of Brooklyn and again at White Plains, Howe used one part of his troops to attack the Americans in the middle of their line and another to conduct a great flanking movement. He was successful and while the Continentals and American militia fought well, their positions broke and they were pushed down the road towards Philadelphia. At the end of the day, the British held the field and the American army retreated to the City of Chester on the Delaware River. Brandywine Battlefield Park commemorates this great battle, the largest engagement of the Revolutionary War. Administered by the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission and the Brandywine Battlefield Park Commission, the 59-acre Park enjoys a Visitor Center with a museum and a gift shop. On the grounds of the park are both Washington's headquarters and Lafayette's quarters. The Independence Hall Association has created a fully articulated web site for Brandywine Battlefield, which includes a history of the Battle itself, a description of the Park and its museum, and Nancy Webster's "Brandywine Driving Tour" of the area around the Park. In 1922 the Pennsylvania Society of Sons of the Revolution placed a bronze tablet at the Birmingham Friends Meeting House, on the site of the Brandywine Battlefield. Since that time the Society and its Color Guard have several times contributed support to the preservation and interpretation of the Brandywine Battlefield Park.
Paoli
Battlefield Preservation Trust The day after the Battle of Brandywine, Washington moved quickly to put the Schuylkill River between his troops and the British. Howe sent Cornwallis' division to Chester, but they found the City evacuated. By nightfall on 12 September, the Continental Army had returned to the grounds of the Germantown encampment it had occupied five weeks earlier. This position enjoyed the additional advantage of overlooking the Falls of the Schuylkill. Though victorious at Brandywine, the British could not take Philadelphia without crossing the Schuylkill River. The Americans made that impossible by ferry boat or bridge. The first opportunity to ford the river was at Swedes Ford (present day Norristown), about twenty miles north/northeast of Chadds Ford. Washington sought to protect and defend this strategic point. On 13 September he sent General Wayne across the Schuylkill with two brigades, to serve as a first line of defense against Howe. Two days later he crossed the Schuylkill with the rest of his army, even as the British marched north from Brandywine. By 16 September Washington had concentrated the Continental Army in East Whiteland Township in Chester County. There he spread the troops out along three miles of the Lancaster Road, in an effort to deny the British access to the roads leading to Swedes Ford. Facing south, towards Chadds Ford, the left or eastern flank stood at the Warren Tavern, near the present day Borough of Malvern. The right or western flank stood at the White Horse Tavern, about a mile west of present day Frazer. The first shots were fired near the White Horse Tavern and Washington quickly concluded that Howe was trying to turn his right flank, just as he had done at Brandywine (the White Horse Tavern is a National Register of Historic Places site, present day 480 Swedesford Road; where Route 202 crosses the Lancaster Pike). As the engagement began to take shape, however, a great cloudburst so drenched the soldiers and their gunpowder that no fighting could take place. This was the Battle of the Clouds. The Continental Army lost virtually all its gunpowder in the Battle of the Clouds. Unable to fight, Washington withdrew his troops, first to Yellow Springs, about six miles to the north (present day West Pikeland Township) and the next day to Warwick Furnace and Reading Furnace (present day Warwick township), another ten miles to the northwest. At these places the Continental Army replenished its ammunition and supplies. Howe moved the British army towards Swedes Ford. Washington sent Wayne and his troops to serve as a screen between the British and the Continentals and on the 18 September he directed him to attack the British rear. Wayne's own home was nearby; he knew this country side and its people well. He believed he could hide his 1,500 soldiers from Howe. He was mistaken. Howe learned of Wayne's presence and ordered Major General Charles Grey to prepare a midnight assault. In the early morning hours of 21 September, near Paoli's Tavern, in Willistown Township (what is now the Borough of Malvern), the British completely surprised Wayne's encampment. Attacking silently, by bayonet only, the British killed 53 Americans in what came to be known as the "Paoli Massacre." It was a demoralizing defeat and one which put the fear of God in the Continental Congress as it fled west to York, Pennsylvania. The British forces moved on and in the days which followed the American dead were buried nearby, in what is now called The Paoli Memorial Grounds. The 40-acre Paoli battlefield and adjoining 22-acre Memorial Grounds have stood open and unchanged for more than 220 years. The Borough of Malvern, however, is now a rapidly developing suburban landscape. In 1996 the owner of the battlefield property, the Malvern Preparatory School, announced that the value of its land had become so great that a sale would greatly strengthen the School's endowment fund and future programs. The School gave the Borough of Malvern a first option on the property at the price of $2.5 million. The Borough formed the Paoli Battlefield Preservation Trust, which is now in the midst of a major fund drive. The Trust nominated the Battlefield for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places and in October 1997 the entire site was listed. In 1996 the Pennsylvania Society of Sons of the Revolution and its Color Guard pledged $15,000 towards historical markers and other educational programs at the Battlefield.
Pottsgrove
Manor On 19 September, Washington recrossed the Schuylkill River at Parker's Ford (in Coventry, now East Coventry Township, Chester County), near Pottsgrove (now Pottstown) and marched his troops down the east side of the River to Swedes Ford. Washington hoped to block and defend all the Schuylkill fords from Parker's to Swedes, a distance of nearly twenty miles. Howe simultaneously sent his troops not only to Swedes Ford, but also up along the west bank of the River, probing Washington's defenses at several different points. When Washington saw British movement towards Pottsgrove, he again feared a devastating flanking motion. On 21 September he therefore ordered the Continental Army to withdraw from its camp at the Perkiomen Creek, near Valley Forge, march eight miles northwest, and establish a base of operation about four miles from Pottsgrove (near present day Fagleysville, in New Hanover Township, Montgomery County). With Swedes Ford and other crossing sites now undefended, the British crossed the Schuylkill on the night of 22-23 September and headed for Philadelphia. During the week of 22 to 26 September, the Continental Army remained in a defensive posture at "Camp Pottsgrove." They were well positioned to protect Reading and the northern Chester County supply centers. Washington himself quartered at the Antes House, near present day Obelisk, in Frederick Township. Later generations of the Potts family insisted that Washington visited their ancestors' great country house, in Pottsgrove proper, but there is no documentary evidence to support the claim. John Potts, an ironmaster and founder of Pottstown, Pennsylvania, built this Georgian style house in 1752. During the Revolution the house was owned by John's son, Thomas Potts (1735-1785), who briefly held a commission in the Continental Army. The house is located on the west bank of the Manatawny Creek, within the present day city limits of Pottstown. Among the educational programs of Pottsgrove Manor is an annual commemoration, held in late September, of the Continental Army at Camp Pottsgrove. Pottsgrove Manor is owned and operated by the Department of History and Cultural Arts of Montgomery County, Pennsylvania.
Pennypacker
Mills On 26 September the British army marched into and occupied Philadelphia. That same day Washington marched the Continental Army seven miles east, from Pottsgrove to Pennypacker Mills on the Perkiomen Creek. The farmhouse which stood on this site was Washington's headquarters from 26 to 29 September and again from 5 to 8 October, days just before and after the Battle of Germantown. Pennypacker Mills was owned and occupied by the same family for more than 200 years. Peter Pennypacker purchased the place in 1747 and enlarged the original house in the 1760s. His son, Samuel Pennypacker (1746-1826), was the owner and occupant during the time of the Revolution. In 1900 Samuel Whitaker Pennypacker purchased the property from a cousin and immediately began the additions and alterations which transformed the house into the great Colonial Revival country house which survives today. In that same year Pennypacker was elected Governor of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, serving two terms before returning here in 1909. He also served as President of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania and first Vice-President of the Pennsylvania Society of Sons of the Revolution. The house was designed as a country estate, sited in an aesthetically pleasing manner on 135 acres of rural farmland. Montgomery County purchased Pennypacker Mills about 1980, after the death of the last family owner. It is administered by the Department of History and Cultural Arts of Montgomery County.
Peter
Wentz Farmstead In the days following the British occupation of Philadelphia, on 26 September, Washington learned that Howe had split his army into at least three divisions. The first moved south of the City to capture the American forts along the Delaware River; the second moved into New Jersey to obtain supplies for Philadelphia; and the third encamped in Germantown to defend Philadelphia from the Continental Army. Washington believed that the odds now favored an attack on the British force at Germantown. On 2 October Washington moved his army to Worcester Township (near present day Center Point, Montgomery County). Here he made his headquarters at the Peter Wentz Farmstead, located on the Skippack Pike. Over the next twenty-four hours he and his generals finalized the plans the Battle of Germantown, which they launched on the night of 3-4 October. Peter Wentz built the main house of the farmstead in 1758. He designed the house in the English Georgian style, but also incorporated German architectural features. The house and farm remained in private hands until 1969, when they were purchased by the Commissioners of Montgomery County. Today this 90-acre historic site is administered by the Department of History and Cultural Arts of Montgomery County and interpreted as a colonial German working farm.
Cliveden On 4 October 1777, Washington brought his American forces out of the countryside with a full assault against the British army in Germantown. General Howe had concentrated British forces in Germantown, about six miles northwest of Philadelphia, because of its strategic significance in protecting the city. Washington attempted a complex, four-headed attack, which was designed to converge on the British from three sides in the center of Germantown, while simultaneously cutting off the enemy's rear. Washington's battle plan, though sound, proved too difficult to implement. Fighting their way into Germantown along the main street, one body of Continental troops came upon and passed "Cliveden," the country estate of Benjamin Chew, a wealthy Tory, who had been Attorney General and Chief Justice of the Province of Pennsylvania. Fifteen years earlier he had built here one of the greatest country houses of colonial Pennsylvania. British troops now barricaded themselves in the thick-walled, stone house and Washington decided not to leave them at the rear of his advancing army. Washington's decision made Cliveden the focal point of the Battle of Germantown. Meanwhile the British were successfully defending both their right and left flanks. The Americans, unable to advance, withdrew about five miles to Whitemarsh. In 1907 the Society placed a large bronze tablet at the entrance to Forbidden Drive, just off Lincoln Drive, to commemorate the Battle of Germantown. In 1990 the Society provided support for the purchase of desk-top publishing equipment at Cliveden. In 1995 the Society purchased and distributed to Delaware Valley libraries, free of charge, 150 copies of a new, scholarly book on the Battle itself and its significance in the history of the Revolutionary War. In 1998 the Society and its Color Guard sponsored the re-enactment of the Battle of Germantown. The Chew family maintained the six acre property for more than 200 years. It is now administered by the National Trust for Historic Preservation. Cliveden features extraordinary architecture and furnishings, as well as actual scars left by the musket and cannon balls which crashed against the house in October 1777. On guided tours the visitor hears retold Chew family oral history traditions, which serve to bring history alive at this extraordinary historic site.
Germantown
Mennonite Information Center & Johnson House The heaviest fighting in the Battle of Germantown took place on the Germantown Road just below Cliveden. There the American advance stopped, waiting for the action behind them to cease. The British formed their troops a mile below, at Market Square, and marched up the Road to counterattack. General James Agnew rode on ahead of the British soldiers and as he came to the Mennonite church and graveyard (on the east side of Germantown Avenue, just north of present day Walnut Lane), an American civilian, hiding behind the stone wall of the graveyard, shot him. General Agnew fell to the street, badly wounded. The Mennonites followed the Quakers to Germantown as early as 1688 and have maintained a church there for more than 300 years. Strictly pacifist by religious conviction, they were appalled by the Revolutionary War and would have taken no part in the Battle of Germantown. Nevertheless the War raged immediately around their church on 4 October. That the Germantown Mennonite Church is alive and well may be demonstrated by its recent growth and purchase of a new church building at 21 West Washington Lane in Germantown; that its congregation continues to follow strong religious convictions is demonstrated in its current controversy with the Franconia Mennonite Conference. In October 1997 the Franconia conference voted to end its relationship with Germantown, effective January 1998, in a dispute over the presence of gay and lesbian members at the church.
Grumblethorpe British soldiers and aides carried General James Agnew back through the British lines to "Grumblethorpe," where he received the best medical care possible. Despite several hours of intervention, General Agnew died, the highest ranking British officer to die at the Battle of Germantown. Grumblethorpe, built in 1744 by John Wister, was one of Germantown's earliest summer houses, built by wealthy Philadelphians for retreat from the city's congestion and heat. One of four historic house museums owned and administered by the Philadelphia Society for the Preservation of Landmarks, Grumblethorpe is fully restored and a magnificent example of the best in domestic Germantown architecture of the 18th century. Its architectural features include the stone coursing of the facade, pent eaves, front and rear balconies, and double front entrances.
Deshler-Morris
House Learning of the American attack on the morning of 4 October, General Howe, who was headquartered at Stenton (where Washington had spent a night just six weeks earlier), came up the Germantown Road to this gentlemen's house on Market Square, at the center of Germantown. Here he directed British troop movements during the Battle of Germantown. Known as the "Germantown White House" for its role as the residence of President George Washington in 1793 and 1794, the Deshler-Morris House is one of the satellite historic sites of Independence National Historical Park. The house is named for its builder, David Deshler, a wealthy merchant and a member of the well-known Philadelphia family of Wistars and Wisters. It was constructed in 1772-1773, when Germantown was a popular summer retreat for the Philadelphia elite. Sixteen years later, as Philadelphia suffered from an epidemic of yellow fever, President George Washington selected it as his official residence. He held four Cabinet meetings at the house during his stay there, meetings which included heated debate on the country's position in relation to the war between England and France.
Fort
Washington State Park Following their defeat at the Battle of Germantown on 4 October, General Washington's American forces retreated to the northwest, with the British in hot pursuit. The Continental Army, about 12,000 soldiers in total number, camped at several different locations in what is now Montgomery County before settling down in Whitemarsh Township on 2 November. There the Army constructed a redoubt on what is known today as Fort Hill. The Pennsylvania militia spread out along a ridge of hills to the west, what today is known as Militia Hill. On 4 December General Howe marched the British out from Philadelphia to engage the Americans and some skirmishing took place, but neither Howe nor Washington was willing to risk a major offensive at this time and Howe soon withdrew. In 1891, a granite marker commemorating Fort Hill was placed along the Bethlehem Pike by the Pennsylvania Society of Sons of the Revolution. This stone is located today on the American Legion property north of the State Park office. Fort Washington State Park and the Montgomery County suburb of Fort Washington take their name from the fortifications built there by the Continental Army in the Fall of 1777. Since 1953 the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania has administered the 493-acre Fort Washington State Park, first under the former Department of Forests and Waters and now the Department of Conservation and Natural Resources.
Hope
Lodge and Mather Mill "Hope Lodge," then known as Whitemarsh Farms, was the home of William West and his family from 1776 to 1782. During the Continental Army's encampment at Whitemarsh, this historic site served as quarters to Dr. John Cochran and the Army Medical Department. Infectious diseases were the leading cause of sickness and death and no fewer than six Army physicians died during this relatively brief period. Many sick and wounded were transported to hospitals in the north and west, in Allentown, Bethlehem, and Reading. Hope Lodge was a country estate built about 1745 by one of Philadelphia's wealthiest men, Samuel Morris (1708-1770). Mather Mill is sited just a hundred yards from Hope Lodge. It was part of the original Morris country estate, but was later subdivided and the mill was built about 1820. The Mill building serves the educational programs of Hope Lodge today, providing appropriate space for meetings, lectures, exhibitions, and special programs. The property was acquired by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in 1957. Hope Lodge and Mather Mill are administered by the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission.
Clifton
House Built in 1801, Clifton House stands on Bethlehem Pike, just north of Fort Hill. It operated by the Fort Washington Historical Society, which utilizes the structure as a library on local history and an historic house museum. The E. Hamilton Parke research library includes an extensive collection of secondary sources on the American Revolution, as well as local history, biography, and genealogy. In 1947 the Pennsylvania Society of Sons of the Revolution loaned the hat and sword of Colonel Jacob Reed to the Fort Washington Historical Society. Colonel Reed served in the Whitemarsh Militia. This stone house, once known as the Sandy Run Tavern, is located in the Sandy Run area of the Fort Washington State Park, which also includes Flourtown, Fort Hill, and Militia Hill areas.
Fort
Mifflin on the Delaware On 19 October, after the Continental Army had retreated twenty miles into countryside, General Howe ordered the consolidation of the British army in Philadelphia. The British withdrew from Germantown that same day and immediately turned their attention to opening the Delaware River to their supply ships. Beginning in 1775 the Pennsylvania Council of Safety had constructed defenses along the Delaware. By the Fall of 1777, Fort Mifflin stood on Mud Island, on the Pennsylvania side of the river; Fort Mercer stood on Red Bank, on the New Jersey side of the river; and a third fortification was under construction at Billingsport, also on the New Jersey side of the river. In addition the Americans had developed a system of chevaux-de-frise (meaning, literally, "iron horses"), consisting of a number of large iron spikes, affixed to heavy iron or wood blocks, which, in turn, were mounted on large wood boxes. The boxes were floated to the point desired and then filled with ballast, which would sink and anchor them. The installation of chevaux-de-frise forced all ships to pass under the guns of Fort Mifflin and Fort Mercer. No river captain could safely guide an unfriendly ship to Philadelphia. For nearly a month the British laid siege to Fort Mifflin. On 20 and 21 October the British ferried a Hessian force, under Colonel Carl Emil Kurt von Donop, across the Delaware River at resent day Camden. On 22 October it attacked Fort Mercer, but failed to capture. The Americans at Fort Mercer, under Colonel Christopher Greene, defeated the Hessians badly, killing von Donop in the process. In the aftermath of this unexpected setback, the British regrouped and turned all their resources against Fort Mifflin. Enormously outnumbered and outgunned, the Americans nevertheless held their position. On 16 November, after six days of notably heavy bombardment, the American soldiers abandoned Fort Mifflin. The last men out ferried across the river to Fort Mercer. A few days later, on 19 or 20 November, Greene's troops abandoned Fort Mercer and the Delaware River finally opened to British shipping. By slowing the consolidation of British supply lines, however, the Patriots at Fort Mifflin and Fort Mercer may have stopped Howe from attacking Washington again and perhaps inflicting such a disastrous defeat that the Revolutionary War could have been lost. Fort Mifflin is the seventh of twelve chapters in the Independence Hall Association's web site account of The Philadelphia Campaign 1777. This site is recommended to the reader. Fort Mifflin is an historic site administered by the City of Philadelphia's Department of Recreation.
Red
Bank Battlefield Park and Red Bank Battlefield This is the historic site of Fort Mercer, one of the twin military installations which guarded the Philadelphia harbor and all communities north of Philadelphia along the Delaware River. Across the river, on the Pennsylvania side, was Fort Mifflin. Even after the American defeats at Brandywine and Germantown and the British occupation of Philadelphia, these forts prevented the British navy from moving up the Delaware. On 22 October 1777 a Hessian force attacked Fort Mercer from land, but was beaten back. The Hessians' commander, Colonel Carl Emil Kurt von Donop, was killed in this battle. The British, shocked by the American victory at Fort Mercer, spent the next two weeks planning carefully their assault on Fort Mifflin and took it on 15 November, but not until they had spent six days in sustained bombardment and an American engineer, with detailed knowledge of the Fort's defenses, had defected. When Cornwallis landed on the Jersey shore on 18 November, well prepared for a second siege of Fort Mercer, the Americans abandoned the Fort the following day, burning its buildings and supplies as they departed. The Gloucester County Historical Society was formed here in 1903 by local citizens acting to preserve the site. In 1905-06 the State of New Jersey called public attention to the action at Fort Mercer by building a 75-foot-tall commemorative monument. The Fort Mercer site is the northern section of the Red Bank Battlefield Park. The Park itself is focused on the James and Ann Whitall House (1748), which served as a military hospital after the Battle of Red Bank. Returning to their 400-acre farm here in April 1778, the Whitall family restored the place to prosperity, with orchards, livestock, grist mill, ferry across the Delaware, smoke house and shad fishery. Four generations of the Whitall family lived here until 1862. Today the 44-acre Park is administered by the Gloucester County Board of Chosen Freeholders. The grounds around the Whitall House include a kitchen garden and a small orchard. Illustrated signage offer visitors self-guided tour information. The park is open year-round from dawn to dusk.
The best online resource on Historic Valley Forge begins with a short introductory essay, 'The Story of Valley Forge' by Joan Marshall-Dutcher, retired Historian of Valley Forge National Historical Park and continues through nearly twenty distinct subjects relating to the encampment of General George Washington's Continental Army from December 1777 through June 1778.
Valley
Forge Historical Society Located in Valley Forge National Historical Park, this private museum, chartered in 1918, interprets the history of Valley Forge through its collections of over 7,000 artifacts. Museum exhibitions include the letters, weapons, and personal belongings of both the officers and enlisted soldiers of the Continental Army. The collections include a large number of artifacts associated with George Washington, documenting both the military and private civilian side of this great American hero. Chief among these are the General's surveying equipment, his silver field cups, and the six-pointed stars of the Commander-in-Chief's flag. The sacrifice made by soldiers who lived in the log huts and farmers' houses of Valley Forge is vividly brought to life at the Valley Forge Historical Society Museum.
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Valley
Forge National Historical Park Founded as a state park more than a century ago and transformed into a national park for the Bicentennial of American Independence in 1976, Valley Forge National Historical Park is one of the greatest historic sites in our national experience. In a resource guide to the Park, history teacher Tom Beccone offers an engaging perspective, 'For most Americans the words "Valley Forge" symbolize sacrifice, suffering, and steadfastness, ... [but] Valley Forge is not about what was lost, but what was gained. ... A new, better equipped and well trained American army emerged from Valley Forge, ready to prove to the world that it could now stand up to the best the British army had to offer.' If the winter of 1777-1778 marked the low point of the American Revolution, then it also proved to be a time for renewed strength and faith in the future. Genealogists
and historians interested in the names and military units of the 30,000
men who served at the Valley Forge Encampment will find a new online resource
-- the Valley Forge Muster
Roll page -- very useful and rewarding. Sponsored by the Valley Forge
National Historical Park and the National Archives and Records Administration,
this site is the definitive source for documentation of the Continental
Army's organizational chart, its units as detailed as each regiment, and
individual soldiers by surname. Please note, however, that the Muster
Roll pages load very slowly. |
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